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Doctor of Philosophy in Fundamental Immunology - Autoimmunity
在多倫多大學
關於課程
At the start of the twentieth century the concept of autoimmunity was first predicted by Nobel Laureate Paul Ehrlich, and he described it as 'horror autotoxicus'. His experiments led him to conclude that the immune system is normally focused on responding to foreign materials and has an inbuilt tendency to avoid attacking self tissues. But when this process goes wrong, the immune system can attack self tissues resulting in autoimmune disease. The perplexing issue of what allows the immune system to attack self tissues is a continuing focus of research. Almost all autoimmune disease are considered complex traits, in which genetic susceptibility interacts with some trigger that sets the process in motion. Central to this concept is improved understanding of self-tolerance under physiological conditions and the breakdown of this tolerance in autoimmune diseases.
Autoimmune diseases have historically been studied on the basis of the organ affected, but in recent years the focus has switched to a more cross-disciplinary approach with a view to providing a better understanding of the common mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of these diseases.
Autoimmune diseases have historically been studied on the basis of the organ affected, but in recent years the focus has switched to a more cross-disciplinary approach with a view to providing a better understanding of the common mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of these diseases.
- 實習機會
開始日期及學費
如何申請
Entry requirements for 多倫多大學
Direct entry from the BSc: Students with outstanding undergraduate records are encouraged to enter the PhD program directly. Students entering via this route undergo a qualifying exam within 18-24 months of initiating their program. Additionally, the Admissions Committee may choose to offer direct entry into the PhD program to highly-qualified applicants who have applied to the MSc program. Students admitted to the direct entry PhD may choose to graduate with an MSc after two years of study, rather than continuing in the PhD program.
Transfer from the MSc program: Students may transfer to the PhD program from the MSc program by undergoing a reclassification exam. Following a second committee meeting to take place no later than December of the second year, all students who wish to reclassify into the PhD program must due so in May or June of their second year.
Entry after completion of an M.Sc. degree: Students accepted into our program with an MSc degree from another department/University enter into the PhD program directly. Students who complete an MSc degree within the Department of Immunology and who wish to continue in the PhD program are evaluated at the MSc exam as to their admissibility for the PhD program. Only students approved during the examination process will be admissible to reenter as a PhD student. All students entering the PhD program with an MSc degree must undergo a qualifying exam, normally within 2 years of entry into the PhD program. This exam is similar in format to the reclassification exam, described above.
TOEFL: Paper-Based Test and TWE- Overall Score 580 TWE: 5, Internet-Based Test (IBT): 93, Writing/Speaking: 22. IELTS: Minimum required score: 7.0 (Academic)with at least 6.5 for each component.
English language requirements
托福(TOEFL iBT)總分: 93.0
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